Design for seismic events presents a challenging scenario, as it requires a multi-disciplinary approach to solve a multi-disciplinary problem. Earthquakes generate seismic waves that propagate through the soil. The wave propagation causes transient and sometimes permanent ground deformations (PGD). PGD’s are the most pervasive cause of damage to pipelines in a seismic event and materialize in the form of faulting, liquefaction, blocking, slope failure, and settlement. The greatest hazard exists at the boundary conditions of the PGD and it can take extensive geotechnical investigation to delineate the boundary conditions.

Based upon the seismic scenario the designer will need to specify a product that meets the anticipated needs. Not every design scenario requires an earthquake resistant product, however designers want to ensure that the correct product is chosen. This can be a challenging task based upon the breadth of available products and configurations.